Predictive equations for fat mass in older Hispanic adults with excess adiposity using the 4-compartment model as a reference method.

BACKGROUND: Predictive equations are the best option for assessing fat mass in clinical practice due to their low cost and practicality. However, several factors, such as age, excess adiposity, and ethnicity can compromise the accuracy of the equations reported to date in the literature. OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate two predictive equations for estimating fat mass: one based exclusively on anthropometric variables, the other combining anthropometric and bioelectrical impedance variables using the 4C model as the reference method. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study that included 386 Hispanic subjects aged ≥60 with excess adiposity. Fat mass and fat-free mass were measured by the 4C model as predictive variables. Age, sex, and certain anthropometric and bioelectrical impedance data were considered as potential predictor variables. To develop and to validate the equations, the multiple linear regression analysis, and cross-validation protocol were applied. RESULTS: Equation 1 included weight, sex, and BMI as predictor variables, while equation 2 considered sex, weight, height squared/resistance, and resistance as predictor variables. R2 and RMSE values were ≥0.79 and ≤3.45, respectively, in both equations. The differences in estimates of fat mass by equations 1 and 2 were 0.34 kg and -0.25 kg, respectively, compared to the 4C model. This bias was not significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The new predictive equations are reliable for estimating body composition and are interchangeable with the 4C model. Thus, they can be used in epidemiological and clinical studies, as well as in clinical practice, to estimate body composition in older Hispanic adults with excess adiposity.

[Effect of prebiotics, probiotics, and symbiotics on molecular markers of inflammation in obesity.] / Efecto de los prebióticos, probióticos y simbióticos sobre marcadores moleculares de inflamación en la obesidad.

OBJECTIVE: Obesity is an inflammatory disease that is widely distributed in the world's population and is related to the leading causes of death. The use of prebiotics and probiotics can be an alternative treatment against obesity. Although there have been found physiological and biochemical effects of its use, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. The present review analyzed articles that suggested the activation of pathways related to the metabolism of the fatty acids, as well as the impact on anti-inflammatory mechanisms, as part of the mechanism of action of prebiotics and probiotics, to know therefore the possible pathways activated by the prebiotics and probiotics. METHODS: Exhaustive research was made on articles included in the period 2005-2021 related to the effect of prebiotics and probiotics in obesity, inflammatory diseases, and metabolic diseases. Identifying an effect on anti-inflammatory cytokines and PPAR modulation, with a consequent decrease in inflammation and fat degradation. RESULTS: A total of sixty-three articles were obtained, which were classified as basic information on molecular markers of obesity, the effect of prebiotics and probiotics in obesity, and articles related to anti-inflammatory effects and fatty acid metabolism observed in obesity and other inflammatory diseases. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of prebiotics and probiotics in obesity can be linked to the anti-inflammatory mechanism produced, and this effect leads to an increase in the expression of genes related to fatty acid metabolism.

OBJETIVO: La obesidad es una enfermedad ampliamente distribuida en el mundo y resulta una de las principales causas de mortalidad. El uso de prebióticos y probióticos promete una alternativa en el tratamiento de la obesidad, a pesar de los efectos fisiológicos y bioquímicos encontrados, aunque no está aún esclarecido el mecanismo molecular. Por lo que, en la presente revisión, se analizaron artículos que sugerían la activación de vías relacionadas al metabolismo de grasas y azúcares, así como el impacto en los mecanismos antinflamatorios, como parte del mecanismo de acción de los prebióticos y probióticos, con la finalidad de conocer las posibles vías de acción por las cuales se puede obtener el efecto observado. METODOS: Fue realizada una búsqueda exhaustiva de artículos comprendidos en el periodo 2005-2021 relacionados con el efecto de los prebióticos y probióticos en la obesidad y las enfermedades tanto inflamatorias como metabólicas. RESULTADOS: Fueron obtenidos un total de sesenta y tres artículos, los cuales fueron clasificados en: información básica de marcadores moleculares de obesidad; efecto de prebióticos y probióticos en la obesidad; artículos de relación efectos antinflamatorios y metabolismo de grasas observados en la obesidad y otras enfermedades inflamatorias. Se identificó un efecto sobre las citoquinas antinflamatorias y la modulación de los PPAR, con consecuente disminución de la inflamación y degradación de grasas. CONCLUSIONES: El efecto de los prebióticos y probióticos en la obesidad se sugiere está ligado al mecanismo antinflamatorio que producen, lo que a su vez conlleva a un aumento en la expresión de genes relacionados con el metabolismo de grasas.

Efecto de los prebióticos, probióticos y simbióticos sobre marcadores moleculares de inflamación en la obesidad / Effect of prebiotics, probiotics, and symbiotics on molecular markers of inflammation in obesity

FUNDAMENTOS: La obesidad es una enfermedad ampliamente distribuida en el mundo y resulta una de las principales causas de mortalidad. El uso de prebióticos y probióticos promete una alternativa en el tratamiento de la obesidad, a pesar de los efectos fisiológicos y bioquímicos encontrados, aunque no está aún esclarecido el mecanismo molecular. Por lo que, en la presente revisión, se analizaron artículos que sugerían la activación de vías relacionadas al metabolismo de grasas y azúcares, así como el impacto en los mecanismos antinflamatorios, como parte del mecanismo de acción de los prebióticos y probióticos, con la finalidad de conocer las posibles vías de acción por las cuales se puede obtener el efecto observado. MÉTODOS: Fue realizada una búsqueda exhaustiva de artículos comprendidos en el periodo 2005-2021 relacionados con el efecto de los prebióticos y probióticos en la obesidad y las enfermedades tanto inflamatorias como metabólicas. RESULTADOS: Fueron obtenidos un total de sesenta y tres artículos, los cuales fueron clasificados en: información básica de marcadores moleculares de obesidad; efecto de prebióticos y probióticos en la obesidad; artículos de relación efectos antinflamatorios y metabolismo de grasas observados en la obesidad y otras enfermedades inflamatorias. Se identificó un efecto sobre las citoquinas antinflamatorias y la modulación de los PPAR, con consecuente disminución de la inflamación y degradación de grasas. CONCLUSIONES: El efecto de los prebióticos y probióticos en la obesidad se sugiere está ligado al mecanismo antinflamatorio que producen, lo que a su vez conlleva a un aumento en la expresión de genes relacionados con el metabolismo de grasas.(AU)

BACKGROUND: Obesity is an inflammatory disease that is widely distributed in the world’s population and is related to the leading causes of death. The use of prebiotics and probiotics can be an alternative treatment against obesity. Although there have been found physiological and biochemical effects of its use, the molecular mechanism remains unclear. The present review analyzed articles that suggested the activation of pathways related to the metabolism of the fatty acids, as well as the impact on anti-inflammatory mechanisms, as part of the mechanism of action of prebiotics and probiotics, to know therefore the possible pathways activated by the prebiotics and probiotics. METHODS: Exhaustive research was made on articles included in the period 2005-2021 related to the effect of prebiotics and probiotics in obesity, inflammatory diseases, and metabolic diseases. Identifying an effect on anti-inflammatory cytokines and PPAR modulation, with a consequent decrease in inflammation and fat degradation. RESULTS: A total of sixty-three articles were obtained, which were classified as basic information on molecular markers of obesity, the effect of prebiotics and probiotics in obesity, and articles related to anti-inflammatory effects and fatty acid metabolism observed in obesity and other inflammatory diseases. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of prebiotics and probiotics in obesity can be linked to the anti-inflammatory mechanism produced, and this effect leads to an increase in the expression of genes related to fatty acid metabolism.(AU)

The Symbiosis Between Lactobacillus acidophilus and Inulin: Metabolic Benefits in an Obese Murine Model.

Obesity is defined as having an excess of adipose tissue and is associated with the development of diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis, which are the main causes of death worldwide. Research shows that probiotics and prebiotics reduce the metabolic alterations caused by high-fat diets. Therefore, this work evaluated the effect of the incorporation of Lactobacillus acidophilus (probiotic) and inulin (prebiotic) in the diet through obesity markers (biochemical, anthropometric, and molecular markers) in an obese murine model. Four treatments were administered: (1) hypocaloric diet (HD), (2) HD + L. acidophilus, (3) HD + inulin, and (4) DH supplemented with L. acidophilus + inulin for 8 weeks. After treatment, glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-C, and LDL-C in plasma were determined. In addition, the total body weight and adipose tissue were taken to calculate the body mass index. Following RNA extraction from adipose tissue, the expression of PPAR gamma, PPAR alpha, and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF1ß) was evaluated by semiquantitative PCR. All treatments showed an improvement in biochemical markers compared to the values of the obese model (p < 0.05). Optimal values for blood glucose (133.2 ± 14.3 mg/dL), triglycerides (71 ± 4.6 mg/dL), total cholesterol (48.9 ± 6 mg/dL), HDL-C (40.9 ± 4.8 mg/dL), and LDL-C (8.4 ± 1.7 mg/dL) were obtained in the mixed treatment. Regarding fat mass index (FMI), prebiotic treatment caused the greatest reduction. On the other hand, mixed treatment increased the gene expression of PPARα and TGF1ß in adipose tissue with DH with L. acidophilus and inulin treatment. This work demonstrates that the use of L. acidophilus and inulin as a complementary treatment is a viable alternative for prevention and action as a complementary treatment for obesity given the reduction in biochemical parameters and anthropometric indices; these reductions were greater than those found in the classic treatment of obesity due to the induction of the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism and anti-inflammatory cytokines, which contribute to reducing the high levels of glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol caused by obesity.

Determination of Fat-Free Mass Density and its Components in Older Hispanic Adults by In Vivo Methods.

The densitometry method estimates body composition based on cadaver reference values, mainly the fat-free mass density value of 1.100 g/cm3. However, several changes in fat-free mass components by aging, ethnicity, and excess adiposity could influence their density and affect body composition estimations. The present study aimed to compare the mean fat-free mass component values in older Hispanic adults to cadaver reference values. This cross-sectional study included a sample of 420 subjects aged ≥60 yr from northern Mexico. Fat-free mass was determined by the four-compartment model using air displacement plethysmography, the deuterium dilution technique, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for body density, aqueous and mineral fractions of body weight, respectively. A 1-sample t test was used to compare the fat-free mass density and aqueous, mineral, and residue fractions of fat-free mass from subjects in the study to the assumed cadaver reference values. The mean fat-free mass density value for the total sample of older Hispanic adults (1.096 ± 0.011 g/cm3) was significantly (p < 0.001) lower than the assumed value of 1.100 g/cm3, except in obese older men. The mean aqueous fraction of fat-free mass (74.8 ± 3.3%) was higher than the assumed value of 73.8%, and the mean residue fraction of fat-free mass value was lower (18.3 ± 3.4%) than the reference value of 19.4%. Indeed, only the mean mineral fraction of fat-free mass value (6.8 ± 0.8%) was similar to the reference value. In the total sample, all characteristic mean fat-free mass values in these older Hispanic adults differed from cadaver reference values, except the mineral fraction of fat-free mass value.

Functionality of Bread and Beverage Added with Brosimum alicastrum Sw. Seed Flour on the Nutritional and Health Status of the Elderly.

Physiological changes in elderly individuals (EI) can contribute to nutritional deterioration and comorbidities that reduce their quality of life. Factors such as diet can modulate some of these effects. The aim was to evaluate the functionality of foods added with Brosimum alicastrum Sw. seed flour in EI. EI (n = 23) living in nursing home conditions agreed to participate. A control stage was carried out (30 days) and subsequently, an intervention stage (30 days) was realized in which a muffin and a beverage, designed for EI, were added to the participants' their usual diet. In both stages, anthropometric parameters, body composition, nutritional status, dietary intake, sarcopenic status, cognitive and affective states, biometric parameters, and total phenolic compounds (TPC), and antioxidant capacity in foods and plasma of EI were determined. The results showed that the consumption of the foods improved the energy intake and preserved the muscle reserves of the EI. The EI gained body weight (+1.1 kg), increased their protein (+18.6 g/day; 1.5 g/kg BW/day), dietary fiber (+13.4 g/day), iron (+4.4 mg/day), zinc (+1.8 mg/day), folic acid (+83.4 µg/day) consumption while reducing their cholesterol (-66 mg/day) and sodium (-319.5 mg/day) consumption. LDL-C lipoproteins reduced (14.8%) and urea (33.1%) and BUN (33.3%) increased. The TPC increased (7.8%) in the plasma, particularly in women (10.7%). The foods improve the EI nutritional status, and this has a cardiovascular protective effect that can benefit the health of the EI.

Psychosocial and Diet-Related Lifestyle Clusters in Overweight and Obesity.

This study explored intraindividual multidimensional profiles integrating psychosocial factors, namely, body image and satisfaction, weight-related self-stigma, positivity, and happiness, and behavioural-lifestyle factors, namely, adherence to a healthy diet, among Spanish adults with overweight or obesity. We further aimed to investigate the association of excess weight (i.e., measured body mass index, BMI) with the abovementioned multidimensional configurations. A convenience sample of 100 adult individuals (60% females) with excessive weight (69% overweight; 31% obesity) was recruited. They completed self-reports regarding the study variables, and their weight and height were measured. With a perspective centered on the individual, a cluster analysis was performed. Three distinct intraindividual psychosocial and diet-related profiles were identified: a group of healthy individuals with excess weight (46%); a group of individuals who were negatively affected by their excessive weight and showed the most distressed profile (18%); and a group of dysfunctional individuals who seemed to be excessively unrealistic and optimistic regarding their excessive weight and unhealthy lifestyles, but were troubled by their weight (36%). Furthermore, individuals in the affected cluster had higher obesity (mean BMI ± SD = 32.1 ± 3.7) than those in the clusters of healthy (28.0 ± 3.0) and dysfunctional individuals (28.1 ± 3.3) (p < 0.05). The results showed that there are specific psychosocial and lifestyle profiles in the adult population with excess weight and that there are relationships among psychological, behavioural, and body-composition factors. For clinical application purposes, it is important to account for the heterogeneity within individuals who are obese and to individualize the interventions, with a focus from weight change to the individual's overall well-being.

Association of a Mediterranean Diet and Fruit and Vegetable Consumption with Subjective Well-Being among Adults with Overweight and Obesity.

Recent evidence suggests that among behavioral-lifestyle factors, adherence to a healthy dietary pattern such as the Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) is linked not only to better psychological health and mental positive status but also to increased subjective well-being (SWB). Nevertheless, this association has been unexplored among individuals with excessive weight. This study explored whether adherence to the MedDiet and the intake of healthy foods such as fruits and vegetables (FV) are associated with increased happiness and life satisfaction among Spanish adults with overweight or obesity when weight, body image, and body satisfaction are also considered. A convenience sample of adult individuals with excessive weight completed self-reports on the study variables, and weight and BMI were measured by bioimpedance. No evidence of a relationship with SWB indicators was obtained for MedDiet global indicators, probably due to the low adherence to a healthy diet by these individuals. In contrast, FV intake, as a powerful indicator of healthy eating, was associated with life satisfaction when BMI and body image dimensions were considered, among which body satisfaction had a key role. Moreover, life satisfaction fully mediated the relationship between FV consumption and happiness. Our findings are expected to make a relevant contribution to knowledge on the positive correlates or protective factors for overall well-being in obesity, including dietary habits and body appreciation. Our results may inform obesity management actions focused on inclusive, positive aesthetic models and promoting a healthy lifestyle for happiness in obesity.

Agreement between laboratory methods and the 4-compartment model in assessing fat mass in obese older Hispanic-American adults.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Densitometry (Siri's and Brozek's equations), hydrometry (by the deuterium dilution technique), and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) are three methods for estimating body composition. However, because they are all based on certain assumptions, they may not be applicable to aged and obese subjects due to changes in their body composition. Hence, the validity of these "laboratory methods" could be affected in obese older people. The main aim was to assess the agreement between densitometry, hydrometry, and DXA with the 4-compartment (4C) model to estimate fat mass (FM) in obese older Hispanic-American adults. As secondary goals, we explored whether the bias in densitometry and hydrometry results could be improved by modifying the assumptions regarding fat-free mass (FFM) density and hydration factor (HF) values, respectively. In the case of DXA, we explored the factors that contribute to bias. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study based on a sample of 171 obese subjects aged ≥60 years from 3 regions of northern Mexico. Body composition was assessed by the 4C model as the reference method and by all three laboratory methods. Agreement of the latter with the 4C model was probed by Bland and Altman analysis, a paired sample t-test, and simple linear regression analyses. In addition, the mean FFM density estimated in this sample, and HF values (published previously) of 0.737 and 0.753 for obese older Hispanic-American men and women, respectively, were considered as ethnic- and gender-specific values. These values were used to modify the densitometric and hydrometric equations in order to improve their bias. Finally, we tested whether the hydration status and indirect markers of adiposity are contributing factors to the bias of DXA using multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Siri's equation overestimated FM by 0.57 kg (p < 0.01), while Brozek's equation, hydrometry, and DXA underestimated it by 1.24 kg, 0.89 kg, and 0.79 kg (p < 0.01), respectively, compared to the 4C model. The bias in the densitometry and hydrometry results was eliminated by substituting the ethnic- and gender-specific values into the equations. Finally, we found that hip circumference contributes to the bias in DXA. CONCLUSION: The densitometry, hydrometry, and DXA methods are not interchangeable with the 4C model for assessing fat mass in obese, older Hispanic-American adults. The lack of agreement could indicate that the assumptions of each method do not apply to this population.

Considering BMI, Body Image and Desired Weight Change for Suitable Obesity Management Options.

With prevalence of obesity increasing worldwide, understanding body image in individuals with excessive weight is important, as unawareness of weight excess can prevent weight loss attempts. We explored the associations among measured and self-reported body mass index (BMI), body image and body satisfaction among Spanish females and males with overweight or obesity, with a special focus in discriminating individuals who are and are not satisfied with their body and wish or not to change their appearance. Just unifying all individuals with excessive weight may lead to uncover or deny different realities and to develop unfitted clinical management options. Updating findings for the Spanish population, we found that most participants correctly estimated their weight, but 3 in 10 underestimated it. Similarly, their body images corresponded to adults with overweight or obesity who desired to be thinner, but in average they reported a perceived body just slightly overweight and a moderate satisfaction with their body. Complementing the existing evidence, BMI and sex-gender interacted for influencing body weight estimation and desired weight change. In addition, three different subgroups were found for desired change of weight and size, depending on their BMI and body satisfaction. Discovering and considering different subjective realities and corporeal experiences among individuals with weight excess will help professionals to develop appropriate therapeutic interventions. Thus, the personal experiences that individuals have with obesity, instead of obesity itself, should be considered for disentangling management efforts.

Body Satisfaction, Weight Stigma, Positivity, and Happiness among Spanish Adults with Overweight and Obesity.

Although previous evidence suggests that happiness is lower among individuals with obesity, research on the correlates of subjective well-being (SWB) is warranted to increase our knowledge. We aim to explore excess weight (i.e., measured and self-reported body mass index (BMI)), body image and satisfaction, self-stigma, positivity, and happiness among Spanish adults with overweight or obesity. We further aim to investigate the predictors of SWB in this sample. A convenience sample of 100 individuals with excess weight completed self-reports on the study variables and were weighed and their height measured. On average, the participants reported body perceptions revealing minor excessive weight, moderate body satisfaction, low-to-moderate weight-related stigma, and elevated positivity and happiness. BMI and gender/sex independently affected these variables, but there were no significant interaction effects. Furthermore, individuals with overweight or obesity with higher body satisfaction and elevated positivity were more likely to report being happy, independent of their age, gender/sex, weight, and weight-related stigma. Mediation effects were found for body satisfaction and positivity in the relationship between weight and happiness. Moreover, positive orientation suppressed the pervasive influence of stigma on SWB. Our findings confirm the key role of body image dimensions and weight-related stigma for happiness and add support to the relevance of positivity for overall well-being of individuals with excess weight. These results may inform obesity management actions focused on inclusive aesthetic models, combating social stigmatization and enhancing positivity for a flourishing and fulfilling life.

Considering BMI, body image and desired weight change for suitable obesity management options

With prevalence of obesity increasing worldwide, understanding body image in individuals with excessive weight is important, as unawareness of weight excess can prevent weight loss attempts. We explored the associations among measured and self-reported body mass index (BMI), body image and body satisfaction among Spanish females and males with overweight or obesity, with a special focus in discriminating individuals who are and are not satisfied with their body and wish or not to change their appearance. Just unifying all individuals with excessive weight may lead to uncover or deny different realities and to develop unfitted clinical management options. Updating findings for the Spanish population, we found that most participants correctly estimated their weight, but 3 in 10 underestimated it. Similarly, their body images corresponded to adults with overweight or obesity who desired to be thinner, but in average they reported a perceived body just slightly overweight and a moderate satisfaction with their body. Complementing the existing evidence, BMI and sex-gender interacted for influencing body weight estimation and desired weight change. In addition, three different subgroups were found for desired change of weight and size, depending on their BMI and body satisfaction. Discovering and considering different subjective realities and corporeal experiences among individuals with weight excess will help professionals to develop appropriate therapeutic interventions. Thus, the personal experiences that individuals have with obesity, instead of obesity itself, should be considered for disentangling management efforts

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High Hydration Factor in Older Hispanic-American Adults: Possible Implications for Accurate Body Composition Estimates.

Age- and obesity-related body composition changes could influence the hydration factor (HF) and, as a result, body composition estimates derived from hydrometry. The aim of the present study was to compare the HF in older Hispanic-American adults to some published values. This cross-sectional study included a sample of 412 subjects, men and women, aged ≥60 years from northern Mexico. HF values were calculated based on the ratio of total body water-using the deuterium dilution technique-to fat-free mass, derived from the four-compartment model. The mean HF value for the total sample (0.748 ± 0.034) was statistically (p ≤ 0.01) higher than the traditionally assumed value of 0.732 derived from chemical analysis, the "grand mean'' value of 0.725 derived from in vivo methods, and the 0.734 value calculated for older French adults via the three-compartment model. The HF of the older women did not differ across the fat mass index categories, but in men the obese group was lower than the normal and excess fat groups. The hydration factor calculated for the total sample of older Hispanic-American people is higher than the HF values reported in the literature. Therefore, the indiscriminate use of these assumed values could produce inaccurate body composition estimates in older Hispanic-American people.

"Oberexia": The desire to be fat(ter) in adults with excess weight / "Oberexia": El deseo de estar (más) gordo en adultos con exceso de peso / "Oberexia": O desejo de estar (mais) gordo em adultos com excesso de peso

Introduction: Despite of being scarce, evidence is growing on the existence of a group of overweight and obese individuals who do not consider their weight a risk factor for disease and who associate their weight and body with health, vigor, beauty and well-being. Consequently, they manifest a desire to maintain or even increase their weight. We propose an attempt of nomenclature, Oberexia, for this new social reality, and we describe its main characteristics and present empirical observational findings supporting the existence of this condition. Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence and characteristics of Oberexia in a national sample of Spanish 16 to 60-years-old adults. Methodology: Perceptions of body weight/size/shape and composition, and body satisfaction were assessed in overweight and obese adults through silhouettes, questions and discrepancies. Results: One in ten of the participants self-perceived their body as normal in weight or size. A total of 6.5% wanted to have overweight or obese bodies. A case-to-case analysis revealed that 4.2% of the participants wanted to maintain their appearance, and 1.8% wanted a body with greater weight. All these findings are related to fat mass instead of muscle mass. Conclusions: Our results support the existence of a subgroup of overweight and obese individuals who differ from the traditional subgroup of individuals with excess weight who are dissatisfied with their body. We encourage to explore the outcomes on health and the possible clinical implications of this condition

Introducción: Aunque escasa, existe evidencia creciente sobre la existencia de un grupo de personas con sobrepeso y obesidad que no consideran su exceso de peso un factor de riesgo para la enfermedad y asocian su peso y su cuerpo con salud, vigor, belleza y bienestar. Como consecuencia, manifiestan el deseo mantener o incluso incrementar su peso. Realizamos una propuesta de nomenclatura para esta realidad social, Oberexia, describimos sus principales características y presentamos resultados empíricos observacionales que apoyan la existencia de esta condición. Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo fue explorar la prevalencia y características de la Oberexia en una muestra nacional de adultos españoles de 16 a 60 años. Metodología: Las percepciones de peso/tamaño/forma y composición corporal de personas con sobrepeso y obesidad y su satisfacción corporal fueron evaluadas utilizando siluetas, preguntas y discrepancias. Resultados: Uno de cada diez participantes percibió su cuerpo como normal en términos de peso y tamaño. Un 6.5% de los participantes con exceso de peso quería tener cuerpos con sobrepeso u obesidad. Un análisis caso-a-caso reveló que el 4.2% de los participantes deseaba mantener su apariencia, y el 1.8% deseaba aumentar de peso. Un 3% de los participantes podrían ser casos de Oberexia. Estos hallazgos se refieren a masa grasa y no a masa muscular. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados apoyan la existencia de un subgrupo de personas con exceso de peso que difieren del tradicional subgrupo de individuos obesos que se encuentran insatisfechos con su cuerpo. Es momento de explorar las consecuencias para la salud de la Oberexia y las posibles implicaciones clínicas de esta condición

Apesar de escassas, crescem as evidências sobre a existência de um grupo de essoas com sobrepeso e obesidade que não consideram o excesso de peso um fator de risco para a doença e associam seu peso e corpo com saúde, vigor, beleza e bem-estar. Consequentemente, eles manifestam o desejo de manter ou mesmo aumentar seu peso. Fizemos uma proposta de nomenclatura para essa realidade social, Oberexia, descrevemos suas principais características e apresentamos resultados empíricos observacionais que sustentam a existência dessa condição. O bjetivo deste estudo foi explorar a prevalência e as características de Oberexia em uma amostra nacional de adultos espanhóis de 16 a 60 anos. As percepções de peso/tamanho/forma e composição corporal de pessoas com sobrepeso e obesidade e sua satisfação corporal foram avaliadas por meio de silhuetas, perguntas e discrepâncias. Um em cada dez participantes percebeu seu corpo como normal em termos de peso ou tamanho. Um 6.5% dos participantes com excesso de peso desejava ter corpos com sobrepeso ou obesidade. Uma análise caso-a-caso revelou que 4.2% dos participantes queriam manter a aparência e 1.8% desejavam ganhar peso. Un 3% dos participantes poderia ser casos de Oberexia. Todos esses achados referem -se à massa gorda e não à massa muscular. Nossos resultados confirmam a existência de um subgrupo de indivíduos com sobrepeso e obesidade que diferem do subgrupo tradicional de indivíduos com excesso de peso insatisfeitos com seu corpo. É momento de explorar as consequências para a saúde de a Oberexia e as possíveis implicações clínicas dessa condição

Neofobia alimentaria y trastornos de conducta alimentaria: Impacto en la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea de universitarios españoles / Food neophobia and eating disorders: Impact on adherence to the Mediterranean diet of Spanish university students

RESUMEN Este estudio evaluó la actitud de los universitarios murcianos hacia los nuevos alimentos y su relación con la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea, el riesgo de alteraciones de la conducta alimentaria y su asociación con la masa corporal. Participaron estudiantes de la Universidad de Murcia a los cuales se realizaron mediciones antropométricas, peso y talla, para estimar el índice de masa corporal y se estableció su condición nutricional, y se aplicaron las encuestas para identificación de trastornos de conducta alimentaria y neofobia alimentaria. Participaron un total de 300 universitarios con un promedio de edad de 21.3 años. Sólo el 14% de las mujeres y 35% de los hombres presentaron exceso de peso. Un 44% presentan buena adherencia a la dieta mediterránea. La Neofobia fue ligeramente mayor en mujeres que en hombres. Entre los resultados se identificó que existen más conductas de trastornos de conducta alimentaria (15.5%) que neofobia (11.5%), impactando negativamente a la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea. Los universitarios de la Región de Murcia, presentan una puntuación en trastorno de la conducta alimentaria inferior a la reportada por otros autores, no existiendo diferencias significativas entre esta y el sexo, la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea o el IMC.

ABSTRACT The study was designed to evaluate the attitude of Spanish undergraduates towards new foods and its impact on adherence to the Mediterranean diet, risk of altered eating behavior and its association with body mass. Undergraduates of the University of Murcia were invited to participate. Anthropometry (weight and height) was measured to estimate body mass and nutritional status and surveys were administered to identify eating disorders and food neophobia. A total of 300 undergraduates participated, with a mean age of 21.3 years. Only 14% of the women and 35% of the men were overweight; 44% had good adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Neophobia is slightly higher in females than males. We observed more eating disorder behaviors (15.5%) compared to food neophobia (11.5%) and that both negatively impacted the adherence to the Mediterranean diet. Undergraduates from the Murcia Region, reported an eating disorder values lower than that reported by other authors. No significant differences were found between this and sex, adherence to the Mediterranean diet or BMI.

Ingestión de compuestos fenólicos en población adulta mayor / Consumption of phenolic compounds in the elderly population

Introducción: en la actualidad, la población adulta mayor se encuentra en aumento y, con ello, la presencia de enfermedades. Los compuestos fenólicos son sustancias que tienen propiedades antioxidantes y pueden impactar en la prevención del daño oxidativo, muy relacionado con el inicio de diversas enfermedades. La mayoría de los compuestos fenólicos son bioaccesibles y biodisponibles mediante vías mecánicas, enzimáticas y químicas. Sin embargo, durante el envejecimiento se modifican estos factores afectando la absorción de estos compuestos. Objetivo: conocer la información reciente relacionada con el consumo de compuestos fenólicos y sus implicaciones para la salud en los adultos mayores. Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda en diferentes bases académicas y/o motores de búsqueda (EBSCOHOST, PubMed y Science Direct) sobre consumo total de fenoles en adultos mayores. Esta información fue analizada y subclasificada considerando enfermedades crónicas. Resultados: los adultos mayores tienen una ingesta de compuestos fenólicos que oscila de 280 ± 130 a 2.771 ± 1.552 mg/día y la cantidad que refleja un beneficio frente enfermedades cardiovasculares, síndrome metabólico y diabetes en adultos mayores oscila de 322 ± 153 a 2.861 mg/día. Conclusión: en algunos casos, el consumo de polifenoles en el adulto mayor no es suficiente para generar una prevención frente a diferentes enfermedades, por lo que se recomienda incrementar su cantidad. Existen diferentes situaciones que modifican la bioaccesibilidad y biodisponibilidad, entre ellas la deficiencia de transportadores de polifenoles, por lo que la cantidad necesaria se modifica para llevar a cabo su acción en el organismo. Además, existen pocos estudios de este tipo en esta población, por lo que se recomienda realizar más investigaciones

Introduction: currently, the elderly population is increasing and with it, the presence of diseases. Phenolic compounds are substances that have antioxidant properties which can impact on the prevention of oxidative damage, closely related to the onset of various diseases. Most phenolic compounds are bioaccessible and bioavailable through mechanical, enzymatic and chemical routes. However, during aging these factors are modified, affecting the absorption of these compounds. Objective: to know the recent information related to the consumption of phenolic compounds and implications for health in the elderly. Methods: a search was made in different academic bases and/or search engines (EBSCOHOST, PubMed and Science Direct) about total phenol consumption in older adults. This information was analyzed and subclassified considering chronic diseases. Results: older adults have an intake of phenolic compounds ranging from 280 ± 130 to 2,771 ± 1,552 mg/day and the amount that reflects a benefit against cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome and diabetes in older adults ranges from 322 ± 153 to 2,861 mg/day. Conclusion: in some cases, the consumption of polyphenols in the elderly is not enough to generate a prevention against different diseases, so increasing their quantity is recommended. There are different situations that modify bioaccessibility and bioavailability, including the deficiency of polyphenol transporters, so the amount needed is modified to carry out its action in the body. There are few studies of this type in this population, so more research is recommended

[Consumption of phenolic compounds in the elderly population]. / Ingestión de compuestos fenólicos en población adulta mayor.

INTRODUCTION: Introduction: currently, the elderly population is increasing and with it, the presence of diseases. Phenolic compounds are substances that have antioxidant properties which can impact on the prevention of oxidative damage, closely related to the onset of various diseases. Most phenolic compounds are bioaccessible and bioavailable through mechanical, enzymatic and chemical routes. However, during aging these factors are modified, affecting the absorption of these compounds. Objective: to know the recent information related to the consumption of phenolic compounds and implications for health in the elderly. Methods: a search was made in different academic bases and/or search engines (EBSCOHOST, PubMed and Science Direct) about total phenol consumption in older adults. This information was analyzed and subclassified considering chronic diseases. Results: older adults have an intake of phenolic compounds ranging from 280 ± 130 to 2,771 ± 1,552 mg/day and the amount that reflects a benefit against cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome and diabetes in older adults ranges from 322 ± 153 to 2,861 mg/day. Conclusion: in some cases, the consumption of polyphenols in the elderly is not enough to generate a prevention against different diseases, so increasing their quantity is recommended. There are different situations that modify bioaccessibility and bioavailability, including the deficiency of polyphenol transporters, so the amount needed is modified to carry out its action in the body. There are few studies of this type in this population, so more research is recommended.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Introducción: en la actualidad, la población adulta mayor se encuentra en aumento y, con ello, la presencia de enfermedades. Los compuestos fenólicos son sustancias que tienen propiedades antioxidantes y pueden impactar en la prevención del daño oxidativo, muy relacionado con el inicio de diversas enfermedades. La mayoría de los compuestos fenólicos son bioaccesibles y biodisponibles mediante vías mecánicas, enzimáticas y químicas. Sin embargo, durante el envejecimiento se modifican estos factores afectando la absorción de estos compuestos. Objetivo: conocer la información reciente relacionada con el consumo de compuestos fenólicos y sus implicaciones para la salud en los adultos mayores. Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda en diferentes bases académicas y/o motores de búsqueda (EBSCOHOST, PubMed y Science Direct) sobre consumo total de fenoles en adultos mayores. Esta información fue analizada y subclasificada considerando enfermedades crónicas. Resultados: los adultos mayores tienen una ingesta de compuestos fenólicos que oscila de 280 ± 130 a 2.771 ± 1.552 mg/día y la cantidad que refleja un beneficio frente enfermedades cardiovasculares, síndrome metabólico y diabetes en adultos mayores oscila de 322 ± 153 a 2.861 mg/día. Conclusión: en algunos casos, el consumo de polifenoles en el adulto mayor no es suficiente para generar una prevención frente a diferentes enfermedades, por lo que se recomienda incrementar su cantidad. Existen diferentes situaciones que modifican la bioaccesibilidad y biodisponibilidad, entre ellas la deficiencia de transportadores de polifenoles, por lo que la cantidad necesaria se modifica para llevar a cabo su acción en el organismo. Además, existen pocos estudios de este tipo en esta población, por lo que se recomienda realizar más investigaciones.

Food neophobia, Mediterranean diet adherence and acceptance of healthy foods prepared in gastronomic workshops by Spanish students.

INTRODUCTION: food neophobia can affect dietary variety and hedonic acceptance due to rejection of healthy foods. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the impact of dietary neophobia on adherence to the Mediterranean diet and on the hedonic acceptance of healthy foods made in gastronomic workshops by schoolchildren. METHODOLOGY: descriptive cross-sectional study of Primary (8-11) and Secondary (12-18) schoolchildren from Murcia, Spain, participating in gastronomic workshops, where two recipes were prepared and tasted (vegetables + blue fish and fruits). Food neophobia (FN) and adherence to the Mediterranean diet (KIDMED) were identified and each participant assessed the acceptance of each recipe using a hedonic scale (seven points). RESULTS: a total of 1,491 students (49.5% girls) participated in the study; 13.5% were neophobic and 61.1% presented optimal diet quality. A linear inverse relationship between the degree of neophobia and the quality of the diet (ρ[rho] = -0.31, p = 0.001) was found. High adherence to the Mediterranean diet was associated with lower neophobia and better hedonic scores, compared to intermediate or low adhesions (p < 0.0001). Neophobic schoolchildren presented significantly worse results in vegetable consumption, especially at the Secondary level, and in the acceptance of healthy preparations (p < 0.05). A good acceptance of the prepared preparations was associated with the usual adequate consumption of fruits, vegetables, fish and legumes. CONCLUSION: food neophobia affects the adherence to the Mediterranean diet and the acceptance of healthy foods elaborated in gastronomic workshops by Spanish schoolchildren.

Food neophobia, mediterranean diet adherence and acceptance of healthy foods prepared in gastronomic workshops by spanish students / Neofobia alimentaria, adhesión de la dieta mediterránea y aceptación de alimentos saludables preparados en talleres gastronómicos por estudiantes españoles

Introduction: food neophobia can affect dietary variety and hedonic acceptance due to rejection of healthy foods. Objective: to evaluate the impact of dietary neophobia on adherence to the Mediterranean diet and on the hedonic acceptance of healthy foods made in gastronomic workshops by schoolchildren. Methodology: descriptive cross-sectional study of Primary (8-11) and Secondary (12-18) schoolchildren from Murcia, Spain, participating in gastronomic workshops, where two recipes were prepared and tasted (vegetables + blue fish and fruits). Food neophobia (FN) and adherence to the Mediterranean diet (KIDMED) were identified and each participant assessed the acceptance of each recipe using a hedonic scale (seven points).Results: a total of 1,491 students (49.5% girls) participated in the study; 13.5% were neophobic and 61.1% presented optimal diet quality. A linear inverse relationship between the degree of neophobia and the quality of the diet (ρ[rho] = -0.31, p = 0.001) was found. High adherence to the Mediterranean diet was associated with lower neophobia and better hedonic scores, compared to intermediate or low adhesions (p < 0.0001). Neophobic schoolchildren presented significantly worse results in vegetable consumption, especially at the Secondary level, and in the acceptance of healthy preparations (p < 0.05). A good acceptance of the prepared preparations was associated with the usual adequate consumption of fruits, vegetables, fish and legumes. Conclusion: food neophobia affects the adherence to the Mediterranean diet and the acceptance of healthy foods elaborated in gastronomic workshops by Spanish schoolchildren

Introducción: la neofobia alimentaria puede afectar la variedad dietética y la aceptación hedónica debido al rechazo de alimentos saludables. Objetivo: evaluar el impacto de la neofobia alimentaria en la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea y en la aceptación hedónica de alimentos saludables realizados en talleres gastronómicos por escolares. Metodología: estudio descriptivo transversal de escolares de Primaria (8-11) y Secundaria (12-18) de Murcia, España, que participaron en talleres gastronómicos donde se prepararon y probaron dos recetas (verduras + pescado azul y frutas). Se identificaron la neofobia alimentaria (FN) y la adhesión a la dieta mediterránea (KIDMED) y cada participante evaluó la aceptación de cada receta utilizando una escala hedónica (siete puntos). Resultados: participaron 1.491 alumnos (49,5% niñas); el 13,5% eran neofóbicos y el 61,1% presentaban una calidad óptima de la dieta. Se encontró una relación lineal inversa entre el grado de neofobia y la calidad de la dieta (ρ [rho] = -0,31, p = 0,001). La alta adherencia a la dieta mediterránea se asoció con menor neofobia y mejores puntuaciones hedónicas en comparación con adherencias intermedias o bajas (p < 0,0001). Los escolares neofóbicos presentaron resultados significativamente peores en el consumo de vegetales, especialmente en el nivel secundario y en la aceptación de preparaciones saludables (p < 0,05). Una buena aceptación de las recetas elaboradas se asoció con el habitual consumo de frutas, verduras, pescado y legumbres. Conclusión: la neofobia alimentaria afecta la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea y la aceptación de alimentos saludables elaborados en talleres gastronómicos por escolares españoles

Percepción de los alimentos funcionales de un grupo de estudiantes de la Universidad de Murcia / Perception of the functional foods of a group of students of the University of Murcia

Fundamentos: El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer el grado de conocimiento que existe entre los estudiantes de la Universidad de Murcia sobre los alimentos funcionales y si se consumen o no este tipo de alimento y el momento de su ingesta. Metodología: Para el estudio transversal, la muestra estuvo constituida por universitarios de la Región de Murcia. Tanto el grado de conocimiento como el consumo de los alimentos funcionales se determinaron mediante encuestas diseñadas para obtener dicha información, cumplimentadas voluntariamente. Resultados: La muestra estuvo constituida por 133 mujeres (63,3%) y 77 hombres (36,7%). La edad de los voluntarios encuestados osciló entre 18 y 25 años, con una media de 18,56 ± 7,1. El 5,2%, y 12,4% de los estudiantes, respondieron que consumían leches enriquecidas frecuente y ocasionalmente. En cuanto al yogur probiótico, sólo el 9% de los participantes afirmaron consumirla regularmente. La mayoría de los encuestados informaron que consumían zumo vitaminado y cereales enriquecidos ocasionalmente con 28,6% y 30,9%, respectivamente. Sólo el 10% de los participantes reportaron consumir bebidas energéticas frecuentemente y la mantequilla añadida con calcio y bajo en colesterol fue el alimento menos conocido y consumido por los estudiantes. Conclusiones: Se observó que existe una relación entre los estudios cursados y la percepción sobre estos alimentos, siendo los estudiantes de CyTA los que más conocimiento tienen sobre la funcionalidad de estos alimento (AU)

Background: The objective of this study was to know the degree of awareness that exists among students of the University of Murcia on functional foods and whether or not they are consumed this type of food and the time of its intake. Methods: The sample was constituted by university students of the Region of Murcia. Both the degree of knowledge and the consumption of functional foods were determined through questionnaires that were designed to obtain this information. The questionnaires were completed voluntarily. Results: The sample consisted of 133 women (63.3%) and 77 men (36.7%). The ages of the volunteers surveyed ranged from 18 to 25 years, with a mean of 18.56 ± 7.1. 5.2%, together with 12.4% of the students, responded to frequent and occasional enriched milks. As for probiotic yogurt, only 9% of the participants claimed to consume it on a regular basis. Most respondents reported that they consumed vitaminized juice and grains occasionally enriched with 28.6% and 30.9%, respectively. Only 10% of participants reported consuming energy drinks frequently and butter added with calcium and low in cholesterol were found to be the least known and consumed foods by students. Conclusions: it was observed that there was a relation between the degree taken by the students and the perception about these foods, being the students of CyTA the most awareness have about functionality of these foods (AU)